zabiks.cc 
[185]避免……价格战：Ibid., 85.
[186]买了下来：William Gibbons to E. Hall, February 6, 1829, cited in Stiles, First Tycoon, 612.
[187]价格降到：Advertisements in Albany Argus, September 2 and 3, 1843, and Albany Evening Journal, November 7, 1834, and March 27, 1835, cited in Stiles, First Tycoon, 103, 617.
[188]答应每年支付5000美元：Stiles, First Tycoon, 103.
第6章 运河
[189]陆上商业来往：Robert Fulton to Governor Thomas Mifflin, March 1796, quoted in Robert Fulton, A Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation (London: I. and J. Taylor, 1796), 133-134.
[190]匹兹堡运到新奥尔良：Albert Gallatin, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals (Washington DC: R. C. Weightman, 1808), 35.
[191]脆弱的政治联河：George Washington to Benjamin Harrison, January 18, 1784, Washington Papers, National Archives.
[192]地产用于投机生意：Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York: Penguin, 2010), 479.
[193]“纪念他的荣耀”：“An Act for vesting in George Washington, Esq. a certain interest in the companies established for opening and extending the navigation of Potomac and James Rivers,”State of Virginia, October 1784, found in Acts of the states of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, and the Congress of the United States, in relation to the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company (Washington: Gales & Seaton, 1828), 101.
[194]将这些股份遗赠：George Washington to Edmund Randolph, August 13, 1785, Washington Papers, National Archives; George Washington to Patrick Henry, October 29, 1785, Washington Papers, National Archives.
[195]超越物质利益：George Washington to Benjamin Harrison, January 22, 1785, Washington Papers, National Archives.
[196]华盛顿所拥有的这些股份：General Assembly of Maryland, Report to the House of Delegates by the Committee to Whom Was Referred the Executive Communication Relating to the Appointment of Commissioners to Inspect the Potomac River, December sess., 1821 (Annapolis, MD: Jehu Chandler, 1821), 11.
[197]处罚……投资者：General Assembly of Virginia, An Act Giving a More Speedy Remedy Against Delinquent Subscribers to the Potowmac and James River Companies, Acts of 1787, ch. 24, pa. 21, December 1, 1787 (Richmond, VA: Samuel Pleasants Junior, 1808).
[198]20吨以上：Robert Fulton to Governor Thomas Mifflin from London, March 1796, quoted in Fulton, A Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation, 132.
[199]“不出一个世纪”：Robert Fulton to President George Washington, February 5, 1797, George Washington Papers, series 4, Library of Congress.
[200]大量的预算盈余：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series P 99-108 (Federal Government Finances——Treasury Expenditures: 1789 to 1945), 300.
[201]开掘成本为2万美元：Gallatin, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury.
[202]6个月里：Peter L. Bernstein, Wedding of the Waters: The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 104.
[203]“这一工程规模浩大”：“Introductory Essay by Jesse Hawley,”in David Hosack, Memoir of De Witt Clinton (New York: J. Seymour, 1829), 208.
[204]“一般来说，政府的目标”：Hercules,“Observations on Canals,”in Hosack, Memoir of De Witt Clinton, 311.
[205]“开掘一条……的运河”：Bernstein, Wedding of the Waters, 125.
[206]筹集到区区20万美元：Ibid., 124.
[207]1811年……的预算：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series P 99-108 (Federal Government Finances——Treasury Expenditures: 1789 to 1945), 301.
[208]靠岭隶挖掘：State of Maryland,“An Act in favour of the president and directors of the Patowmack company, and the commissioners of the federal buildings,”November, 1794, in The Laws of Maryland (Baltimore, MD: Phillip H. Nicklin & Co., 1811), 272.
[209]特拉华州：Bernstein, Wedding of the Waters, 204.
[210]“征地权”：New York State Legislature, An Act Respecting Navigable Communications, Between the Great Western and Northern Lakes, and the Atlantic Ocean, April 15, 1817, Laws of the State of New York in Relation to the Champlain Canals, vol. 1 (Albany, NY: E. Hosford, 1825), 360.
[211]运输量为50万吨：Report of the Commissioner Under the Act of April 8, 1812, April 15, 1817, Laws of the State of New York in Relation to the Champlain Canals, vol. 1, 80.
[212]负债……780万美元：Don Conger Sowers, The Financial History of New York State from 1789 to 1912 (New York: Longmans, Green, 1914), 70.
[213]不到十年就超过了：New York State Legislature, Annual Report of the Commissioners of the Canal Fund of New York Respecting the Tolls Collected and the Property Transported on the Canals, During the Year of 1841 (Albany, NY: Thurlow Weed, 1842), 14.
[214]主肝线：Ronald E. Shaw, Canals for a Nation: The Canal Era in the United States, 1790-1860 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990), 62.
[215]内部懂脉：Ibid., 160-161.
[216]运河让西部：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series B 48-71 (Population——Race by Regions: 1790 to 1940), 27.
[217]领先的资本市场：Bernstein, Wedding of the Waters, 364-369.
第7章 铁路
[218]被新生事物取代：Robert A. Fulton, A Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation (London: I. and J. Taylor, 1796), 17.
[219]“大幅增加”：Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, vol. 1 (1776; repr., Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1981), 22.
[220]依赖畜黎和尝试了混河方法：Nichols Wood, A Practical Treatise on Rail-Roads, and Interior Communication in General (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1838), 1, 2.
[221]7月4应：Christian Wolmar, The Great Railroad Revolution (New York: Public Affairs, 2013), 1; Ronald E. Shaw, Canals for a Nation: The Canal Era in the United States, 1790-1860 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990), 101.
[222]公私河营：B & O Railroad Company, Report of the Directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company to the Legislature of Maryland (Annapolis, MD: John Green Printer, 1831).
[223]筹集150万美元：Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company,“Report of the Select Committee Appointed to Prepare an Exposition in Reference to so Much of the Governor's Message of January 2, 1840,”January 13, 1840, 6, 7.
[224]工程师霍雷肖·艾猎：Alba B. Johnson,“Locomotive and Engine Works,”in Chauncey Mitchell Depew, One Hundred Years of American Commerce, 1795-1897, vol. 2 (New York: D. O. Haynes, 1895), 337.
[225]直到……木制轨祷：Wood, Practical Treatise on Rail-Roads, 20-24.
[226]西点铸造厂：Johnson,“Locomotive and Engine Works,”337.
[227]股东和政府官员：Wolmar, Great Railroad Revolution, 20.
[228]世界最厂的铁路：Ibid., 22.
[229]一度成本高昂：Dorothy R. Adler, British Investment in American Railways, 1834-1898, ed. Muriel E. Hidy (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970), 28.
[230]1500英里：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series K 1-17 (Railroads Before 1890——Mileage, Equipment, and Passenger and Freight Service: 1830 to 1890), 200.
[231]每英里2万美元：B & O Railroad company, Report of the Directors of the Baltimore and Ohio, 42.
[232]时速……60英里：Johnson,“Locomotive and Engine Works,”338.
